林伯強（嘉(jia)庚創新實驗室研(yan)究員，廈門大(da)學中國(guo)能源政策研(yan)究院院長）

　　電動汽車(che)作(zuo)為新能源系統的(de)一個重要(yao)組成部(bu)分，正在(zai)迅猛發(fa)展，需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)其未來的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)有一個科學定位(wei)，并以此進行產業(ye)布局。電力結構的(de)清潔(jie)化轉型(xing)是實現“碳(tan)中(zhong)和”目標(biao)的(de)重要(yao)方面。風(feng)電光(guang)伏(fu)的(de)大規模并網(wang)消(xiao)納和替代傳統火(huo)電，成為實現“碳(tan)中(zhong)和”的(de)必經之路，由于(yu)風(feng)電光(guang)伏(fu)的(de)不(bu)穩定特征導致需(xu)要(yao)建設與之相對(dui)應的(de)儲(chu)能系統來解決(jue)電力供需(xu)不(bu)匹配(pei)。

　　電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能被認為是當前解決電(dian)(dian)力(li)“消納難”的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)技術(shu)，但電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能由于(yu)在生(sheng)產(chan)、使用和(he)最(zui)終(zhong)報(bao)廢(fei)階段(duan)都會不可避免地產(chan)生(sheng)大量的(de)(de)污染物，其在產(chan)品生(sheng)命(ming)周期(qi)的(de)(de)環境成本不可忽略。加之(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統壽(shou)命(ming)有限（10年左(zuo)右），大量的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)和(he)放電(dian)(dian)過程后，其壽(shou)命(ming)會顯著下(xia)降。隨著新能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)在電(dian)(dian)力(li)消費中(zhong)的(de)(de)滲透率(lv)持(chi)續提(ti)高(gao)，相應催生(sheng)的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能需求增長(chang)與電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統增長(chang)之(zhi)間將產(chan)生(sheng)很大的(de)(de)缺口(kou)，在沒有其他(ta)新的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能材(cai)料來支撐發(fa)展的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，政府將面臨兩個選(xuan)擇(ze)：

　　一是通過持(chi)續增(zeng)加電化學(xue)儲(chu)能系(xi)統的投資部署(shu)來滿足(zu)增(zeng)長(chang)帶來的需求。隨著電化學(xue)儲(chu)能材料應用的快速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)，其生產和報廢階(jie)段產生的污染排(pai)放越來越大(da)。另外，大(da)規模的電化學(xue)儲(chu)能部署(shu)會帶來大(da)量的經濟成本，而(er)能源系(xi)統成本的上升將可能導致(zhi)大(da)宗(zong)商品價格上漲，不(bu)利于經濟增(zeng)長(chang)。

　　二是尋找電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代手(shou)段。在(zai)滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)上(shang)網(wang)調(diao)峰調(diao)頻(pin)需(xu)求下，積極(ji)探尋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代方案，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裝置，或將是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效補充。動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可以起到(dao)(dao)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性作用(yong)(yong)。使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)替(ti)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點是，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)性功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是消費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)（第一(yi)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是出行），其成(cheng)本(ben)已(yi)經在(zai)消費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)購車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)過(guo)程(cheng)中被支付，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)不會為社會帶來能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源使用(yong)(yong)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顯著變(bian)化(hua)。另外，隨著交通部門的(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化(hua)持(chi)續推(tui)進(jin)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)未來會實現(xian)規模化(hua)發展，大量動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)使得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)作為移動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統起到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)峰、促進(jin)消納的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，這(zhe)將有可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)變(bian)得(de)可行。

　　電動(dong)汽車(che)作為戰(zhan)略性(xing)新(xin)興產(chan)業，具(ju)有廣泛的(de)(de)外(wai)部性(xing)。一是(shi)由于其在(zai)使用階段不(bu)排放污染物，是(shi)空氣污染治理的(de)(de)有力(li)手(shou)段。二是(shi)從燃(ran)油汽車(che)向電動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian)可以有效降低石油對外(wai)依賴程(cheng)度(du)，保(bao)障能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)安全。三是(shi)作為移動(dong)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)系統與電網進行協調(diao)互動(dong)，起調(diao)峰調(diao)頻作用，可以提升(sheng)電網接納(na)電力(li)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。

　　電動汽車成為有效儲能系統需要(yao)做好如下幾(ji)個(ge)方面(mian)的(de)工作。

　　第一，規模(mo)化(hua)(hua)推進智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)立。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)快(kuai)速發展與滯后(hou)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)設(she)之間的(de)矛盾日益凸顯，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)不足為消費(fei)者帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)焦慮(lv)是(shi)影響消費(fei)者購買(mai)行(xing)為的(de)關(guan)(guan)鍵。雖(sui)然近年(nian)來(lai)政府對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)建(jian)(jian)設(she)不斷提(ti)供政策支持，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)保(bao)有(you)量呈現指數增長(chang)，但(dan)目(mu)前仍(reng)然不能(neng)(neng)完全滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)需求，特別(bie)是(shi)公共快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)不足成為阻礙消費(fei)者購買(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)主要原因。另外，動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池技術提(ti)升雖(sui)然使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)續航里程實現質的(de)飛躍，但(dan)仍(reng)然不能(neng)(neng)滿足用(yong)戶(hu)實現遠途出行(xing)的(de)需求。政府已(yi)經出臺了相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)計劃(hua)解決相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)問題(ti)，比(bi)如工(gong)信部(bu)發布的(de)《新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)產業(ye)發展規劃(hua)（2021-2035年(nian)）》提(ti)出建(jian)(jian)立“電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、網聯化(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)”的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)。

　　第二(er)，通(tong)過有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)規劃(hua)措施(shi)引(yin)(yin)導(dao)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，實(shi)現(xian)削峰(feng)(feng)填谷(gu)作用(yong)(yong)。隨著交通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)的(de)(de)程度不斷(duan)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)，大規模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網會(hui)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷(he)產生影響，峰(feng)(feng)對(dui)(dui)峰(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)會(hui)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)力以及運行(xing)(xing)風險，并催生大量的(de)(de)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)以及調峰(feng)(feng)調頻成(cheng)本。谷(gu)對(dui)(dui)谷(gu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)會(hui)造成(cheng)設(she)備(bei)(bei)利用(yong)(yong)率低(di)，導(dao)致資源浪費(fei)(fei)。科學引(yin)(yin)導(dao)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者采用(yong)(yong)錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)是實(shi)現(xian)資源優化(hua)配置，降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)(xing)風險的(de)(de)關鍵。理(li)論上消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者對(dui)(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)比較(jiao)敏(min)感，愿意為(wei)相對(dui)(dui)更低(di)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)改變自己的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。然(ran)而，從目前全國實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)看(kan)，峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)對(dui)(dui)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)影響不足，因(yin)為(wei)大部(bu)分(fen)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者并沒有(you)選擇用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷(gu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此需要大幅度提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)差。政(zheng)府應設(she)置更加嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)規制措施(shi)，除了促使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁企業充(chong)分(fen)考慮用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)分(fen)布(bu)，還(huan)需要推行(xing)(xing)更加有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，引(yin)(yin)導(dao)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)者進(jin)行(xing)(xing)錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　第(di)(di)三，完(wan)(wan)善政(zheng)策法規(gui)(gui)，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車退役動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)情(qing)景梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)。隨著第(di)(di)一批車載(zai)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)退役，再(zai)利(li)用(yong)問(wen)題(ti)逐(zhu)漸引起相關部門的(de)(de)高(gao)度重視。近年來，政(zheng)府(fu)陸續發(fa)(fa)布多(duo)個指導文件，以(yi)規(gui)(gui)范動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)工(gong)作。但(dan)是，動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)仍(reng)然(ran)處在初始探(tan)索(suo)階段(duan)，沒(mei)有形成完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)條。首(shou)先(xian)，政(zheng)府(fu)應根(gen)據(ju)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)試點項目和實施效(xiao)果，總結發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經驗和制定(ding)更加(jia)完(wan)(wan)善的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)，以(yi)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業穩步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。其次，需(xu)要積極探(tan)索(suo)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)情(qing)景梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)方(fang)(fang)案(an)，并制定(ding)相應的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)案(an)標準，解(jie)決動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)多(duo)樣性帶來的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)收利(li)用(yong)難題(ti)，以(yi)實現充分利(li)用(yong)不同屬(shu)性動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最優配置(zhi)。另(ling)外，面(mian)對(dui)未來電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)市場爆發(fa)(fa)式的(de)(de)增長模式，政(zheng)府(fu)應提前規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)市場管理方(fang)(fang)案(an)，確立準入標準，以(yi)確保動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)以(yi)及回(hui)(hui)收過(guo)程中的(de)(de)安全問(wen)題(ti)，推(tui)進動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)梯級(ji)利(li)用(yong)實現產(chan)(chan)(chan)業化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。