在征(zheng)求意(yi)見(jian)兩個月之后,國務(wu)(wu)院日(ri)前正式(shi)公(gong)布《融資(zi)(zi)擔保公(gong)司(si)(si)監督管理(li)條(tiao)例》,其中首(shou)次明確主要為小微(wei)企(qi)業和農(nong)業、農(nong)村、農(nong)民服務(wu)(wu)的融資(zi)(zi)擔保公(gong)司(si)(si)擔保責任余(yu)額可(ke)提高(gao)至15倍(bei)。《條(tiao)例》自2017年10月1日(ri)起施(shi)行。
融資(zi)擔(dan)保是指擔(dan)保人為(wei)被擔(dan)保人借款(kuan)、發(fa)(fa)行(xing)債(zhai)券(quan)等債(zhai)務(wu)融資(zi)提供擔(dan)保的行(xing)為(wei),是普(pu)惠(hui)金融體系(xi)的重要(yao)組成部(bu)分。此前(qian),融資(zi)性擔(dan)保行(xing)業的管(guan)(guan)理辦法為(wei)2010年銀監(jian)會等7部(bu)門發(fa)(fa)布的《融資(zi)性擔(dan)保公司管(guan)(guan)理暫行(xing)辦法》。
此次《條例》在多方面進行了細(xi)化或(huo)提出(chu)了更高的(de)(de)要(yao)求,并在多處(chu)條款著重提到了小微、“三農”與傳(chuan)統行業(ye)的(de)(de)區別(bie)對待。中(zhong)國人民大(da)(da)學重陽金融(rong)研(yan)究(jiu)院研(yan)究(jiu)員卞永祖認為,當前(qian)經濟還處(chu)于(yu)底部盤整階段,沖擊(ji)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)就是中(zhong)小企業(ye)、農村經濟。所(suo)以,提高對這些企業(ye)的(de)(de)擔保責任余額(e)倍數可以使它們更容易融(rong)資,也是為了預防違約(yue)風險發生(sheng)。
《條(tiao)例》規定,融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司的(de)(de)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)責任余額不得超(chao)過其(qi)凈(jing)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產的(de)(de)10倍,對主要(yao)為(wei)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)、農(nong)村、農(nong)民(min)服(fu)務的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司,前款規定的(de)(de)倍數上限可以提高至15倍。此(ci)外(wai),《條(tiao)例》還(huan)規定了一(yi)系(xi)列政(zheng)策扶持(chi)措施(shi)促進融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)行業(ye)(ye)更好地為(wei)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)“三農(nong)”服(fu)務,包括:國(guo)家(jia)推(tui)動建(jian)立(li)政(zheng)府性融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)體系(xi),發展政(zheng)府支持(chi)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司,建(jian)立(li)政(zheng)府、銀行業(ye)(ye)金融(rong)(rong)機(ji)構、融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司合作機(ji)制(zhi),擴(kuo)大(da)為(wei)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)“三農(nong)”提供(gong)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)業(ye)(ye)務的(de)(de)規模并保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)較低的(de)(de)費率水平(ping);各級人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府財政(zheng)部門對主要(yao)為(wei)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)“三農(nong)”服(fu)務的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司提供(gong)財政(zheng)支持(chi);政(zheng)府支持(chi)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司應(ying)當增(zeng)強運用大(da)數據等(deng)現代信息技術手段的(de)(de)能力,為(wei)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)“三農(nong)”融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)需求服(fu)務;納入政(zheng)府推(tui)動建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)風險分擔(dan)(dan)(dan)機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)公(gong)司,應(ying)當按照國(guo)家(jia)有關規定降低對小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)“三農(nong)”的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)費率。
《條(tiao)例》提(ti)高了融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)司設立(li)(li)門(men)檻(jian)(jian)。在注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)方面,將融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)司最(zui)低注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)提(ti)升到了2000萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)且為實繳貨幣資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben),較之前500萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)門(men)檻(jian)(jian)大(da)幅提(ti)高。對于融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)司跨省、自治區(qu)、直轄市(shi)設立(li)(li)分(fen)支(zhi)機(ji)構的(de),《條(tiao)例》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)注(zhu)(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)不低于人民幣10億元(yuan)(yuan)、經(jing)營融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)業(ye)務3年(nian)(nian)以上且最(zui)近2個會計年(nian)(nian)度連續盈利、最(zui)近2年(nian)(nian)無重大(da)違法(fa)違規(gui)記錄等條(tiao)件。國(guo)(guo)務院法(fa)制辦、中國(guo)(guo)銀監會負(fu)責人在答記者問時表示(shi),融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)司的(de)業(ye)務具(ju)有金融屬性,需(xu)要(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)監管(guan)。首(shou)先就是(shi)(shi)設立(li)(li)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)司要(yao)有一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)“門(men)檻(jian)(jian)”,這是(shi)(shi)強化源(yuan)頭(tou)治理的(de)需(xu)要(yao)。
《條例》規(gui)定了融資擔保公司的(de)(de)(de)經營規(gui)則,包括建立健(jian)全各項業務(wu)規(gui)范(fan)以及(ji)風險管理等(deng)內(nei)部控制制度,并按照國家規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)風險權重計量擔保責(ze)任余額(e);擔保責(ze)任余額(e)不得超過(guo)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)比例;自(zi)有資金的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用應(ying)當符合國家有關(guan)其資產(chan)安(an)全性(xing)、流動性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定;禁止融資擔保公司吸(xi)收(shou)存(cun)款(kuan)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)變(bian)相(xiang)吸(xi)收(shou)存(cun)款(kuan)、自(zi)營貸(dai)款(kuan)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)受托貸(dai)款(kuan)以及(ji)受托投(tou)資等(deng)。
《條例》明確(que)了融資(zi)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)司的監(jian)督(du)管理(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi),規定由省級(ji)人民政府(fu)確(que)定的部門負責(ze)對本(ben)地(di)區融資(zi)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)司的監(jian)督(du)管理(li)(li)(li);省級(ji)人民政府(fu)負責(ze)制(zhi)定促(cu)進本(ben)地(di)區融資(zi)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)行業(ye)發展的政策措施、處置融資(zi)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)公(gong)(gong)司風險,督(du)促(cu)監(jian)督(du)管理(li)(li)(li)部門嚴格履行職責(ze);國務院(yuan)建立融資(zi)性(xing)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)業(ye)務監(jian)管部際(ji)聯席會議。
《條例》還規定(ding)了融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保公(gong)司市場(chang)退(tui)出要求,包(bao)括:融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保公(gong)司解散的(de)(de),應(ying)當依法成立清算(suan)組進行清算(suan),并(bing)對未到(dao)期融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保責(ze)任的(de)(de)承接作出明確安排;融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保公(gong)司的(de)(de)清算(suan)過(guo)程應(ying)當接受監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)監(jian)督;融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保公(gong)司解散或者被依法宣告破產的(de)(de),應(ying)當將融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)保業務(wu)經營許可(ke)證交監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)注銷,并(bing)由(you)監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)予以公(gong)告。
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