■目前(qian),我國(guo)經濟(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)已經進(jin)入深(shen)水(shui)區,國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)也(ye)已進(jin)入深(shen)水(shui)區,如何實(shi)現國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)新突(tu)破,已成為社會普遍關注的(de)(de)問題。發展混合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)其實(shi)質就是深(shen)化產權制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)革(ge),被(bei)普遍視為深(shen)化國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)突(tu)破口(kou)和(he)加速器,通過不(bu)同所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本的(de)(de)混合推動國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)取(qu)得新突(tu)破,也(ye)就被(bei)人們普遍寄(ji)予了厚(hou)望。
■我國(guo)所(suo)(suo)講的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),是(shi)相對于(yu)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)非公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)等(deng)而(er)言(yan)的(de)(de),屬于(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)態和(he)范疇(chou),而(er)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)是(shi)相對于(yu)非股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)而(er)言(yan)的(de)(de),屬于(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)組織形(xing)式和(he)范疇(chou),是(shi)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)實現形(xing)式,不(bu)能將兩者混(hun)(hun)為一(yi)談(tan)。根據中央精神,基于(yu)產(chan)權(quan)理論,立(li)足(zu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)實際(ji),可以作出這樣的(de)(de)判斷:股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)主要實現形(xing)式,但混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)不(bu)等(deng)于(yu)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。判別是(shi)否屬于(yu)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)關鍵把握(wo)兩個(ge)內(nei)在規定和(he)本(ben)質特性,一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)多元(yuan)投資(zi)主體,另一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)不(bu)同(tong)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)的(de)(de)融合,只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)同(tong)時具備這兩個(ge)特性的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)才屬于(yu)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)屬于(yu)多元(yuan)投資(zi)主體的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye),但如果是(shi)同(tong)一(yi)屬性資(zi)本(ben)相互持(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的(de)(de)股(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye),如國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)與(yu)(yu)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)或民(min)營資(zi)本(ben)與(yu)(yu)民(min)營資(zi)本(ben)交叉持(chi)股(gu),則不(bu)屬于(yu)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。
■國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)不可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)也(ye)(ye)不需要都(dou)采用股份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形式(shi)。國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)進行股份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革,必(bi)須能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠回(hui)報(bao)(bao)股東并且具有(you)較好的(de)投資(zi)回(hui)報(bao)(bao),如果改(gai)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)市,必(bi)須符(fu)合(he)上(shang)市條件,如果連續(xu)虧損將(jiang)要摘牌退市,還(huan)存在控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)轉移的(de)壓力(li)等。實(shi)(shi)際(ji)情況(kuang)是(shi),并非所有(you)國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)都(dou)具有(you)投資(zi)價值,更不是(shi)都(dou)符(fu)合(he)上(shang)市條件,特別是(shi)承擔(dan)公益性功能(neng)(neng)(neng)或主(zhu)要承擔(dan)保障性功能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye),由于盈利能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不強,可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)出現虧損甚至嚴重虧損,無(wu)(wu)法(fa)實(shi)(shi)現良好回(hui)報(bao)(bao),無(wu)(wu)法(fa)吸引(yin)其他股東,也(ye)(ye)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)滿足(zu)上(shang)市要求。因此,發展(zhan)混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟不等于也(ye)(ye)不可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)將(jiang)國有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)都(dou)改(gai)為(wei)股份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。
十八屆三中全會(hui)《決(jue)定(ding)》在論述堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度時,將“積極發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)”單列一(yi)條(tiao),與完(wan)善產權保(bao)護制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、推動國(guo)(guo)有企業完(wan)善現代企業制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、支持(chi)非公有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)健康發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)共同(tong)構成了堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)主要(yao)內容。《決(jue)定(ding)》強調“國(guo)(guo)有資本(ben)(ben)、集體資本(ben)(ben)、非公有資本(ben)(ben)等交叉持(chi)股、相(xiang)互融合的(de)(de)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),是(shi)基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)實現形式,有利于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)有資本(ben)(ben)放(fang)大功能(neng)、保(bao)值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)、提高競爭力,有利于(yu)(yu)各(ge)種所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資本(ben)(ben)取長(chang)補短、相(xiang)互促(cu)進、共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。”《決(jue)定(ding)》關(guan)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)論斷和(he)(he)(he)闡述,清(qing)楚地表明(ming)了發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)意義和(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)用(yong),同(tong)時,也(ye)為堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善基本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度指明(ming)了方向和(he)(he)(he)路徑。而(er)在今年(nian)下半年(nian)召開(kai)的(de)(de)四中全會(hui)的(de)(de)《決(jue)定(ding)》,為混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)成功提供了法律保(bao)障。目前,國(guo)(guo)資委正(zheng)在進一(yi)步(bu)組織對國(guo)(guo)資改革指導意見的(de)(de)初(chu)步(bu)討論。
混合所有制經濟是老話題、新熱點
混(hun)合所有制經濟(ji)作為一種經濟(ji)和社會(hui)現象(xiang),引起高度關注(zhu)并成(cheng)為我國(guo)經濟(ji)體制的(de)改(gai)革取(qu)向和國(guo)有企業改(gai)革的(de)必然選擇,已有二十多(duo)年的(de)歷史,并不是一個(ge)新提法(fa)、新概念(nian)。
回顧(gu)我們(men)黨在發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)問題上(shang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要思想和(he)多次論述,至少可以看出三點:第一,隨著改革的(de)(de)不(bu)斷推(tui)進,我們(men)黨對混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)認識不(bu)斷深(shen)化;第二,把發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)作為(wei)完善(shan)基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、深(shen)化國有企業改革的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大舉措,是(shi)黨中央(yang)的(de)(de)一項重(zhong)(zhong)大決策和(he)部署;第三,中央(yang)關(guan)于(yu)發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)主要精(jing)神和(he)內容是(shi)一脈相承的(de)(de),并在堅持和(he)完善(shan)基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度實踐的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)不(bu)斷豐富和(he)發(fa)展。
從(cong)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十四屆(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)提出混(hun)合(he)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)思想,到(dao)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十五屆(jie)(jie)四中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)正(zheng)式提出發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟,再到(dao)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)強(qiang)調積極發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟,已經(jing)有(you)二十多個年頭了。因此,發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟可(ke)以稱(cheng)得(de)上(shang)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個老(lao)話題(ti)(ti)(ti)了。但黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)后,發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟受(shou)到(dao)了國內外的(de)(de)(de)廣泛關注,在社會(hui)上(shang)引起強(qiang)烈反響(xiang),成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面深化改革的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個熱(re)門話題(ti)(ti)(ti)。為(wei)何老(lao)話題(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)了新熱(re)點?分析其原因,應該說,這與黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)提出積極發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)景和時機(ji)有(you)關,與黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)對混(hun)合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)豐富和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有(you)關。
一是與(yu)(yu)近年來國(guo)內(nei)居(ju)高不(bu)(bu)(bu)下的“國(guo)進(jin)(jin)民(min)退(tui)”爭(zheng)論(lun)有(you)(you)關。進(jin)(jin)入新(xin)世紀以來,國(guo)際(ji)國(guo)內(nei)經(jing)濟(ji)趕上(shang)了(le)(le)一個(ge)景氣期,國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)和(he)民(min)營經(jing)濟(ji)都得(de)到(dao)快速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),生產能力(li)(li)快速提(ti)升。2008年爆發(fa)(fa)(fa)的金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)機(ji),使國(guo)際(ji)國(guo)內(nei)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生劇(ju)變,供需矛(mao)盾(dun)加劇(ju),多年兩位數的出口增長不(bu)(bu)(bu)見了(le)(le),已經(jing)形成的生產能力(li)(li)面臨(lin)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)收(shou)縮的巨大壓力(li)(li),應對金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)機(ji)投(tou)入的巨額資(zi)金(jin)加劇(ju)了(le)(le)產能過剩的矛(mao)盾(dun),進(jin)(jin)一步加劇(ju)了(le)(le)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)供需矛(mao)盾(dun),在這個(ge)大背景下,國(guo)內(nei)出現了(le)(le)“國(guo)進(jin)(jin)民(min)退(tui)”的爭(zheng)論(lun),即國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)在一些行業和(he)領域不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷擴展(zhan)(zhan)擠(ji)壓了(le)(le)民(min)營經(jing)濟(ji)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空間。這場(chang)(chang)爭(zheng)論(lun)引起(qi)多方參與(yu)(yu)并持續(xu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷。在這個(ge)時(shi)候,再次(ci)強調積極發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混合所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji),使社會(hui)看到(dao)了(le)(le)“淡化(hua)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi),強化(hua)混合制(zhi);淡化(hua)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業,強化(hua)國(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本”的改革取向,使社會(hui)看到(dao)了(le)(le)平息“國(guo)進(jin)(jin)民(min)退(tui)”爭(zheng)論(lun)的希望(wang)。
二是(shi)(shi)與(yu)尋(xun)找深(shen)(shen)化(hua)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)突(tu)破口有關(guan)。產(chan)權(quan)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)被(bei)普(pu)遍(bian)認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)搞(gao)好國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)關(guan)鍵和前提。實(shi)踐(jian)證(zheng)明,國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)只有積(ji)極推進(jin)(jin)產(chan)權(quan)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge),才有可(ke)能真正健(jian)全公(gong)司(si)治理結構,才有可(ke)能真正轉換經營機制,才有可(ke)能更好地(di)成為(wei)市場(chang)競爭主體和獨(du)立法(fa)人。黨的(de)十六大以來,國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)股(gu)份制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)取(qu)得(de)積(ji)極進(jin)(jin)展,相當一部(bu)分中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)實(shi)現(xian)了主營業(ye)務資產(chan)的(de)整(zheng)體上(shang)市,這也是(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有制經濟(ji)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)形式(shi)。但社會(hui)上(shang)總有國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)進(jin)(jin)展不大甚至停滯的(de)感(gan)覺,其中一個重(zhong)要(yao)原因,就(jiu)在于(yu)一些人覺得(de)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)產(chan)權(quan)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)步伐邁(mai)得(de)不夠大。目前,我國(guo)經濟(ji)體制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)已(yi)經進(jin)(jin)入深(shen)(shen)水(shui)區,國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)也已(yi)進(jin)(jin)入深(shen)(shen)水(shui)區,如何實(shi)現(xian)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)新突(tu)破,已(yi)成為(wei)社會(hui)普(pu)遍(bian)關(guan)注的(de)問題。發展混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有制其實(shi)質就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)深(shen)(shen)化(hua)產(chan)權(quan)制度改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge),被(bei)普(pu)遍(bian)視為(wei)深(shen)(shen)化(hua)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)突(tu)破口和加(jia)速器,通(tong)過不同所(suo)有制資本的(de)混(hun)(hun)合推動(dong)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)取(qu)得(de)新突(tu)破,也就(jiu)被(bei)人們普(pu)遍(bian)寄予了厚望(wang)。
三(san)是與中(zhong)央關于發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)理(li)論創新有(you)(you)(you)關。黨的(de)(de)十八屆(jie)三(san)中(zhong)全(quan)會對發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)提(ti)出了(le)(le)一些新的(de)(de)重要論斷。對國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)而言(yan),提(ti)出允許(xu)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展成為混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),允許(xu)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)實行企(qi)業員工(gong)持股(gu)(gu),形成資(zi)(zi)本(ben)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)者和(he)勞動(dong)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)者利(li)(li)益共(gong)同體。發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)提(ti)法上的(de)(de)這些突破有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于調動(dong)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業員工(gong)特別是經(jing)(jing)營(ying)者發(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)積極性。對民營(ying)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)而言(yan),提(ti)出允許(xu)非(fei)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)參股(gu)(gu)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)投資(zi)(zi)項目,鼓勵發(fa)展非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)控股(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業,而以往強(qiang)調的(de)(de)都是公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)與非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)參股(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),這次(ci)全(quan)會強(qiang)調非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)也(ye)可(ke)以控股(gu)(gu),這使民營(ying)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)看到了(le)(le)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)商機(ji),看到了(le)(le)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)發(fa)展希望和(he)機(ji)會,因而,受到民營(ying)企(qi)業的(de)(de)歡迎(ying)和(he)重視(shi)。
四(si)是與中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全(quan)面深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心(xin)和意志有關(guan)。以(yi)往一些重大(da)(da)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)由于改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)措施不配套或既得(de)利(li)益阻力大(da)(da)等(deng)原因,往往難(nan)以(yi)深(shen)入下去。在全(quan)面深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)背景下,中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)專門(men)成(cheng)(cheng)立深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)領導(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)組,中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)主(zhu)(zhu)要領導(dao)擔(dan)任改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)組負(fu)責人,并成(cheng)(cheng)立了若干(gan)專門(men)小(xiao)(xiao)組,中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)有關(guan)部門(men)、各地(di)區都成(cheng)(cheng)立了深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)領導(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)組,國(guo)有企業也普遍成(cheng)(cheng)立了由主(zhu)(zhu)要負(fu)責人擔(dan)任組長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)領導(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)組,這表明深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)已經(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為社會共識和必然(ran)(ran)行(xing)動。作為堅持(chi)和完善(shan)基(ji)本經(jing)濟(ji)制度的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian),發展混合(he)所有制必然(ran)(ran)是國(guo)務院(yuan)國(guo)資委(wei)深(shen)化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)領導(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)組研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)和繞不過去的(de)(de)(de)一項重大(da)(da)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),這也使人們(men)看到(dao)了發展混合(he)所有制經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)心(xin)和信(xin)心(xin)。
五是與(yu)培育(yu)我國(guo)(guo)經濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)有(you)關。經過(guo)多年發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)形(xing)勢(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)化,支撐我國(guo)(guo)經濟多年持(chi)續快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)或者(zhe)說“紅(hong)利(li)”已(yi)經發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)變(bian)(bian)化或逐步消失,經濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)下(xia)行面臨(lin)著(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)大壓(ya)力(li),如何培育(yu)我國(guo)(guo)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)新(xin)優(you)勢(shi)(shi)、形(xing)成(cheng)新(xin)紅(hong)利(li),推動經濟持(chi)續健康較快(kuai)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),是需(xu)要(yao)著(zhu)(zhu)力(li)解(jie)決的(de)(de)一個重(zhong)(zhong)大戰略問題。通(tong)過(guo)全面深化改革(ge),形(xing)成(cheng)新(xin)的(de)(de)制度“紅(hong)利(li)”,已(yi)成(cheng)為普(pu)遍認識和(he)(he)愿(yuan)望。通(tong)過(guo)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混合所(suo)有(you)制可(ke)以把國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)規模優(you)勢(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)人才優(you)勢(shi)(shi)等與(yu)民營企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)體(ti)制優(you)勢(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)機制優(you)勢(shi)(shi)等,通(tong)過(guo)資本融合做到(dao)“你中有(you)我,我中有(you)你;互利(li)共贏,共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)”,在(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)上形(xing)成(cheng)我國(guo)(guo)企(qi)業(ye)新(xin)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)優(you)勢(shi)(shi),形(xing)成(cheng)中國(guo)(guo)經濟新(xin)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力(li)。因而,也受(shou)到(dao)社會的(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)好評和(he)(he)歡迎。
混合所有制經濟不等于股份制
公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)為主(zhu)、多(duo)種(zhong)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是我國在(zai)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)初級階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du)。堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)完(wan)善基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du),必須堅(jian)持(chi)“兩個毫(hao)不(bu)動搖(yao)(yao)”,即毫(hao)不(bu)動搖(yao)(yao)鞏固和(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji),毫(hao)不(bu)動搖(yao)(yao)地鼓勵(li)、支持(chi)和(he)引導(dao)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)完(wan)善基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du),關(guan)鍵(jian)是在(zai)堅(jian)持(chi)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)主(zhu)體地位的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)實現多(duo)種(zhong)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)更好發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),使“兩個毫(hao)不(bu)動搖(yao)(yao)”統一于(yu)中國特色(se)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)道路之(zhi)中。能否(fou)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)解決這(zhe)個重大理論和(he)實踐(jian)問題,關(guan)系到(dao)中國特色(se)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)鞏固和(he)完(wan)善。理論和(he)實踐(jian)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)說明,發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)是有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)解決這(zhe)個問題的(de)(de)(de)必然選擇和(he)實現途徑。從(cong)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)質規(gui)定和(he)內在(zai)要求出發(fa)(fa)(fa),應該(gai)(gai)將(jiang)中央關(guan)于(yu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)出發(fa)(fa)(fa)點和(he)落腳點解讀(du)為是要實現公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)與(yu)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),根據這(zhe)一解讀(du),無疑,應該(gai)(gai)將(jiang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)界定公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)與(yu)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)融合。
現(xian)在(zai),有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)法(fa)很有(you)市場,認為“混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)形式”,既(ji)包括公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),又包括非公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同所(suo)(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)按照一(yi)定原則(ze)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)聯合(he)生產(chan)或經(jing)(jing)營的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)行(xing)為。還有(you)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)法(fa)更(geng)極端,直(zhi)接(jie)斷(duan)定“股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)”。這(zhe)兩種(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)法(fa)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)錯誤的(de)。根據中央精神,基于產(chan)權(quan)理論,立足(zu)企(qi)業實(shi)(shi)際,可以作出這(zhe)樣的(de)判斷(duan):股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)主要實(shi)(shi)現(xian)形式,但混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)不(bu)等于股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)。
一(yi)(yi)是混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)與股份制(zhi)是兩個(ge)(ge)不完(wan)全(quan)相同(tong)層(ceng)面的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和社會現象。混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)可以理解為財(cai)產權分屬于(yu)不同(tong)性(xing)(xing)質所(suo)(suo)有者(zhe)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)形式。混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)可以從宏(hong)觀和微觀兩個(ge)(ge)層(ceng)面來(lai)分析:從宏(hong)觀層(ceng)面來(lai)看,混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)是指一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)國家或地(di)區所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)結構的(de)非單一(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing),即在所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)結構中,既(ji)有國有、集(ji)體等公有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),也有個(ge)(ge)體、私(si)營(ying)、外資(zi)等非公有制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji),還(huan)包括擁有國有和集(ji)體成分的(de)合資(zi)、合作經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)。
宏觀(guan)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟可以理(li)解為(wei)一個(ge)國家經(jing)濟結構(gou)(gou)中不(bu)同所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)成和(he)比重,在宏觀(guan)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)上推(tui)進混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),就是(shi)(shi)要在堅持公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)主體地位的(de)(de)同時(shi)毫不(bu)動搖地支(zhi)持、鼓勵和(he)引導非公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),其(qi)實(shi)質是(shi)(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)社會的(de)(de)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)(gou)。從微(wei)觀(guan)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)來(lai)看,混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)指不(bu)同所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)性質的(de)(de)投(tou)資主體共(gong)同出(chu)資組(zu)建(jian)的(de)(de)企業(ye),也可以理(li)解為(wei)企業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)不(bu)同所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)成。在微(wei)觀(guan)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)上推(tui)進混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),就是(shi)(shi)要大力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)企業(ye),其(qi)實(shi)質是(shi)(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)企業(ye)的(de)(de)產(chan)權結構(gou)(gou)。顯(xian)然,混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟比股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)內(nei)涵(han)更(geng)為(wei)寬泛(fan),如果把混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟與股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)畫(hua)等號,發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟只剩(sheng)下(xia)企業(ye)層(ceng)(ceng)面(mian)的(de)(de)產(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)度改革了(le),顯(xian)然,這樣的(de)(de)理(li)解不(bu)利(li)于全(quan)面(mian)堅持和(he)完善(shan)基本經(jing)濟制(zhi)(zhi)度。
二是(shi)混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)相(xiang)互(hu)交(jiao)疊(die)的(de)兩種多(duo)元產權(quan)(quan)結構(gou)。混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在產權(quan)(quan)結構(gou)上體現為不(bu)(bu)同所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)融合(he)(he)形(xing)成的(de)多(duo)元投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。判別(bie)是(shi)否屬(shu)于(yu)混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)關鍵(jian)把握兩個(ge)內在規(gui)定(ding)和本(ben)(ben)(ben)質特性,一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)多(duo)元投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體,另一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)融合(he)(he),只有(you)(you)同時具備這兩個(ge)特性的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)才屬(shu)于(yu)混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)屬(shu)于(yu)多(duo)元投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),但如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)同一(yi)屬(shu)性資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)相(xiang)互(hu)持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的(de)股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),如(ru)國(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與國(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)或民營(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與民營(ying)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)交(jiao)叉持(chi)(chi)股(gu),則不(bu)(bu)屬(shu)于(yu)混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。由此可見,在產權(quan)(quan)結構(gou)上,混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)既相(xiang)互(hu)交(jiao)疊(die),又(you)相(xiang)互(hu)區別(bie),混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)包(bao)括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與非(fei)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)交(jiao)叉持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),但不(bu)(bu)包(bao)括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)相(xiang)互(hu)持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體多元(yuan)化企(qi)業(ye)(ye),但同(tong)一(yi)屬(shu)(shu)性的資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)相互持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)體多元(yuan)化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)并不屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。因此,混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)不限于(yu)股(gu)份制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye),也(ye)(ye)不限于(yu)股(gu)權(quan)多元(yuan)化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。基于(yu)這一(yi)判斷,不能將混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)等同(tong)于(yu)股(gu)權(quan)多元(yuan)化,因為,股(gu)權(quan)多元(yuan)化可以(yi)是(shi)公(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)與非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)相互持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的股(gu)權(quan)多元(yuan)化,也(ye)(ye)可以(yi)是(shi)公(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)與公(gong)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)或國有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)與國有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)相互持(chi)(chi)股(gu)形(xing)成的股(gu)權(quan)多元(yuan)化,現實中,國有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)與國有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)相互持(chi)(chi)股(gu)的混合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)為數不少。
三(san)是要(yao)區(qu)別所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)。所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)是兩(liang)個(ge)既相互聯系(xi)又(you)相互區(qu)別的(de)概(gai)念,一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),不(bu)同(tong)(tong)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也可以(yi)采用同(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)。我國所(suo)(suo)講(jiang)的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟,是相對于(yu)(yu)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟和(he)非公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟等(deng)而言的(de),屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態和(he)范(fan)疇(chou),而股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)是相對于(yu)(yu)非股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)而言的(de),屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)和(he)范(fan)疇(chou),是所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),不(bu)能將(jiang)兩(liang)者(zhe)混(hun)(hun)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)談。混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)態和(he)范(fan)疇(chou),可以(yi)與(yu)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、私(si)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作為(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)等(deng)經(jing)濟范(fan)疇(chou)進(jin)行分析,混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)作為(wei)(wei)多元產權結(jie)構的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)和(he)經(jing)營(ying)方(fang)式(shi)(shi),則不(bu)能與(yu)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)、私(si)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)一(yi)(yi)樣作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)類(lei)型進(jin)行工商登記注(zhu)冊。其根(gen)本(ben)原因(yin)就在于(yu)(yu),所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)實現(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)是既相互聯系(xi)又(you)不(bu)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)概(gai)念。混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)組(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)可以(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包(bao)括公司制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)哪種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)要(yao)根(gen)據具體的(de)資(zi)本(ben)結(jie)構和(he)經(jing)營(ying)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)來(lai)確定。正因(yin)為(wei)(wei)如(ru)此,我國企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)工商登記中只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)公司制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)。
國有企業不可能也不需要都采用股份制形式
堅持和(he)完善基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度必須探索(suo)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)多種有(you)(you)效(xiao)實(shi)(shi)現形式。完善基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度,堅持公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主(zhu)體(ti)地位,關鍵是找到公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)有(you)(you)效(xiao)結合的(de)形式。因此(ci),中央多次強調要探索(suo)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)多種有(you)(you)效(xiao)實(shi)(shi)現形式。股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)是社(she)會化大生(sheng)產和(he)市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發展到一(yi)定階(jie)段的(de)必然(ran)產物,是企業(ye)贏得市(shi)場競(jing)爭優勢的(de)一(yi)種有(you)(you)效(xiao)組織形式和(he)運(yun)營(ying)方式,也是公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主(zhu)要實(shi)(shi)現形式。
總結我(wo)國多年(nian)(nian)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)經驗,借鑒國外的(de)(de)成功做法,2003年(nian)(nian)10月召開的(de)(de)黨的(de)(de)十六(liu)屆(jie)三中(zhong)全會通(tong)過的(de)(de)《關于完(wan)善(shan)社會主(zhu)義市場(chang)經濟體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)干問(wen)題的(de)(de)決定》明(ming)確提出,使股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要實現形(xing)(xing)式。這一重(zhong)大(da)理論突破(po)和創(chuang)新,表明(ming)我(wo)們黨對公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實現形(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)認識達到了(le)一個新的(de)(de)高(gao)度,為(wei)探索公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)效實現形(xing)(xing)式指明(ming)了(le)方向,也明(ming)確了(le)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)。因此,發展混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經濟的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)是推進國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge),使股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要實現形(xing)(xing)式。但是,公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)實現形(xing)(xing)式應該也可以有(you)多種,把混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等同于股(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),容易限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)更好地發展,也容易束縛對公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多種實現形(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)廣泛探索。
此(ci)外,國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)不可能也不需要(yao)都(dou)采用股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)采取什么(me)樣的(de)(de)(de)組織形(xing)(xing)式(shi),是(shi)(shi)采取公(gong)(gong)司(si)制(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)采取股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)式(shi),是(shi)(shi)否公(gong)(gong)開上(shang)市(shi),取決于(yu)投(tou)資(zi)者的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合考慮(lv)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)改制(zhi)(zhi),產(chan)權(quan)結構就由單一產(chan)權(quan)變(bian)為(wei)多元產(chan)權(quan),如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)改制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)市(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)眾公(gong)(gong)司(si),必(bi)須做到信息公(gong)(gong)開,必(bi)須接(jie)受社會(hui)監(jian)督,這對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)建立現(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度、完善法人治理結構能夠提供有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度保障(zhang)。因此(ci),股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)就成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)形(xing)(xing)式(shi),國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)改革特(te)別是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)體上(shang)市(shi)就成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)取向和改革模式(shi)。但國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)股(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)改革,必(bi)須能夠回報(bao)股(gu)東(dong)并且具有(you)(you)(you)(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)回報(bao),如果(guo)改制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)市(shi),必(bi)須符(fu)合上(shang)市(shi)條件(jian),如果(guo)連續虧損將(jiang)要(yao)摘(zhai)牌退市(shi),還(huan)存在控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)轉移的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力等。實(shi)際情況是(shi)(shi),并非所有(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)都(dou)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)投(tou)資(zi)價值,更不是(shi)(shi)都(dou)符(fu)合上(shang)市(shi)條件(jian),特(te)別是(shi)(shi)承擔(dan)公(gong)(gong)益性(xing)功能或(huo)主(zhu)要(yao)承擔(dan)保障(zhang)性(xing)功能的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye),由于(yu)盈利能力不強,可能出現(xian)虧損甚至嚴重(zhong)虧損,無(wu)法實(shi)現(xian)良好回報(bao),無(wu)法吸引其他股(gu)東(dong),也無(wu)法滿足上(shang)市(shi)要(yao)求。
因(yin)(yin)此(ci),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)可能都(dou)采(cai)取股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)特(te)別是(shi)改(gai)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)。適應建(jian)立現代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可以也必須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)公司(si)(si)(si)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革。因(yin)(yin)此(ci),中(zhong)(zhong)央歷(li)來強調,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要加快推(tui)進(jin)公司(si)(si)(si)制(zhi)(zhi)股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革,具(ju)備(bei)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行(xing)改(gai)制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)市。從中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)情(qing)(qing)況看,相當一部分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)并不(bu)是(shi)股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。據(ju)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資委(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju),截至2012年(nian)底(di),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)151820戶(hu),其中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)90682戶(hu),占(zhan)全部國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)59.7%;國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨資企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)或公司(si)(si)(si)56075戶(hu),占(zhan)36.9%;企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)5063戶(hu),占(zhan)3.4%。從全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)情(qing)(qing)況看,股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特(te)別是(shi)上(shang)市公司(si)(si)(si)在各(ge)種組織形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)少(shao)數。據(ju)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)統計(ji)局的(de)(de)(de)(de)《2013年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)統計(ji)年(nian)鑒》,截至2012年(nian)底(di),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位(wei)數共828654個,其中(zhong)(zhong),股(gu)份(fen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)限公司(si)(si)(si)138698個,占(zhan)全部企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)16.7%。實際(ji)上(shang),股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在全部企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)少(shao)數這(zhe)種現象在市場經濟國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)普遍性。這(zhe)從一個側面(mian)也說明,發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟不(bu)等于也不(bu)可能將國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都(dou)改(gai)為(wei)股(gu)份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。
把握混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟的內涵,一方面,要求我們加快(kuai)推(tui)進以股份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)為重點的混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge),增強各類(lei)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經濟的活力(li);另(ling)一方面,要求我們繼續探索公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的多種有(you)效(xiao)實(shi)現形式(shi),更好地(di)堅(jian)持和完善基本經濟制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),為推(tui)進中國特色社會主義(yi)建設提供新的改(gai)革(ge)動力(li)。
(作者系國(guo)務院國(guo)有重點大(da)型企(qi)業監事(shi)會(hui)主席)
中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)聲明:凡本(ben)網(wang)注(zhu)明“來源(yuan):中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)券報(bao)·中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)”的所有(you)作品,版權(quan)均(jun)屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)券報(bao)、中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)券報(bao)·中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)與(yu)作品作者(zhe)聯(lian)合聲明,任何(he)組織未經中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)券報(bao)、中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)以及作者(zhe)書面授權(quan)不得轉(zhuan)載、摘編或(huo)利用其它方式使用上述作品。凡本(ben)網(wang)注(zhu)明來源(yuan)非中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)券報(bao)·中(zhong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)網(wang)的作品,均(jun)轉(zhuan)載自其它媒體,轉(zhuan)載目的在于(yu)(yu)更好服務讀者(zhe)、傳遞信息之需,并不代(dai)表本(ben)網(wang)贊同(tong)其觀點(dian),本(ben)網(wang)亦不對其真實性(xing)負(fu)責,持異議者(zhe)應與(yu)原出處單位主張權(quan)利。
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