中共中央(yang)政治局(ju)不(bu)久前召開會議,審議《鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)戰(zhan)略規(gui)劃(2018-2022年(nian)(nian))》,細化(hua)實化(hua)工作重(zhong)點(dian)和政策(ce)措施,部署若干重(zhong)大工程、重(zhong)大計劃、重(zhong)大行動,形成了(le)今(jin)后五年(nian)(nian)落(luo)實中央(yang)一號文件的政策(ce)框架。要深入(ru)實施鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)戰(zhan)略,未(wei)來(lai)的改革中尚需克服三(san)大難關。
首先(xian),要解(jie)決人(ren)(ren)才短缺的(de)(de)(de)問題。一方(fang)面,隨(sui)著城(cheng)鎮化、工業化的(de)(de)(de)快速推進,農(nong)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)尤其(qi)是(shi)年(nian)輕勞動力加速向(xiang)城(cheng)市地區(qu)轉移,“空心村(cun)”“老(lao)齡(ling)村(cun)”等成為普遍現象,有數據顯示,兩年(nian)前我國農(nong)村(cun)老(lao)齡(ling)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例就(jiu)已經高出(chu)城(cheng)市數個百分點。另一方(fang)面,無論是(shi)產業發展還(huan)是(shi)鄉(xiang)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)文化生態等建設,都需要高素(su)質專業化人(ren)(ren)才投身其(qi)中,然而,目前大多(duo)數農(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)科學文化水平仍然遠遠不能滿足(zu)鄉(xiang)村(cun)振(zhen)興的(de)(de)(de)需要。
當前亟須推動鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)人(ren)才振(zhen)興(xing),把人(ren)力資本開發放在首(shou)要(yao)位置,強化鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)人(ren)才支撐。一要(yao)大力培(pei)育新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)(nong)民,全面建(jian)立職業農(nong)(nong)民制(zhi)度,完(wan)善配套政策(ce)體(ti)系,支持新(xin)型(xing)職業農(nong)(nong)民通過彈性學制(zhi)參加中高等(deng)(deng)農(nong)(nong)業職業教育,創(chuang)新(xin)培(pei)訓機制(zhi),支持農(nong)(nong)民專業合作社(she)、專業技(ji)術(shu)協(xie)會(hui)、龍頭(tou)企(qi)業等(deng)(deng)主(zhu)體(ti)承擔培(pei)訓等(deng)(deng);二要(yao)發揮科技(ji)人(ren)才支撐作用,全面建(jian)立高等(deng)(deng)院校、科研(yan)院所等(deng)(deng)事(shi)業單位專業技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員到(dao)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)和企(qi)業掛職、兼職和離崗(gang)創(chuang)新(xin)創(chuang)業制(zhi)度;三要(yao)鼓勵社(she)會(hui)各(ge)界投身鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)設,建(jian)立有效激(ji)勵機制(zhi),吸引支持企(qi)業家、專家學者、技(ji)能人(ren)才等(deng)(deng),通過各(ge)種途徑服務鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)事(shi)業。
其次,要解決(jue)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)短缺的(de)(de)(de)問題。很多(duo)“三(san)(san)農(nong)(nong)”領域目前仍是投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)洼地,農(nong)(nong)村基(ji)礎設(she)施和公共(gong)服(fu)務嚴重(zhong)滯后(hou),農(nong)(nong)業(ye)投融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)渠道有限,資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)解決(jue)途徑嚴重(zhong)不足。多(duo)年(nian)來,政府采(cai)取了很多(duo)措施,例如通過不斷提高財(cai)政資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)使用效率(lv),調動更多(duo)社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)、金(jin)(jin)融資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)投向(xiang)“三(san)(san)農(nong)(nong)”。農(nong)(nong)民承包土(tu)地的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營權和農(nong)(nong)民住房的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)權等(deng)“兩(liang)權”也(ye)開始被(bei)允許作(zuo)為抵押物(wu)向(xiang)金(jin)(jin)融機構(gou)貸款,以期(qi)有效盤活農(nong)(nong)村資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)源、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)、資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan),增加農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)中長期(qi)和規模化經(jing)(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)投入。受到各方面利好的(de)(de)(de)刺激(ji),農(nong)(nong)業(ye)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),尤其是一些新產(chan)(chan)業(ye)如鄉(xiang)村旅游業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)增長率(lv)保持(chi)了快速增長。
下一(yi)步,應開拓投(tou)融(rong)(rong)資渠道(dao),強(qiang)化鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)保(bao)(bao)障。一(yi)要(yao)確保(bao)(bao)財政(zheng)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)持續增長,建立健全(quan)實施鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興戰略(lve)財政(zheng)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)保(bao)(bao)障制度(du),公(gong)共財政(zheng)更(geng)大(da)力(li)度(du)向“三農”傾(qing)斜,確保(bao)(bao)財政(zheng)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)與鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興目標任務相適應;二要(yao)拓寬資金(jin)(jin)籌集渠道(dao),包(bao)括(kuo)調整完善土地出讓收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)使(shi)用范(fan)圍,進一(yi)步提高農業農村(cun)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)比例(li)等;三要(yao)提高金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服務水平,把更(geng)多(duo)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)資源(yuan)配置到農村(cun)經(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發展(zhan)的重點領域和薄(bo)弱環節,更(geng)好滿足鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)振興多(duo)樣化金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)需求。
再(zai)次,要解決農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)問題。當前,城鄉(xiang)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差距正在(zai)快速縮(suo)小(xiao),農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)群(qun)體收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)增長較(jiao)快,連續八年(nian)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)高(gao)于城鎮居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min),但農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)難度在(zai)加大,城鄉(xiang)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)差距縮(suo)小(xiao)的(de)(de)幅度也在(zai)減小(xiao)。提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)等低收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)群(qun)體的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)水平,是(shi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)分配制度改(gai)革的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)所(suo)在(zai)。未(wei)來,要依托鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興戰(zhan)略,充分發揮市場機制基礎性(xing)作用,深化包括人力資本創新、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)經營(ying)制度和(he)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)產(chan)(chan)權制度等多方(fang)面改(gai)革,建立(li)起有利于農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)增收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)制度環境和(he)內生機制。要進一(yi)步促進農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)就業(ye)創業(ye),理順農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品價格形(xing)成機制,探索完善農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品價格支持等,強化工資性(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)和(he)經營(ying)性(xing)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),使(shi)其形(xing)成穩(wen)定的(de)(de)增收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)來源(yuan)。
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Copyright 2001-2018 China Securities Journal. All Rights Reserved