與(yu)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)期相比，2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)前11個(ge)月，產(chan)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)經營情(qing)況明顯轉差(cha)。《證券日(ri)報》記者近日(ri)從相關(guan)渠道獲悉，去年(nian)(nian)(nian)前11個(ge)月，產(chan)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)實現利(li)潤總額(e)(e)50.12億(yi)(yi)元，較(jiao)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)期減少540.69億(yi)(yi)元，同(tong)比下(xia)(xia)降91.52%；值得(de)注意的(de)是，產(chan)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)前11個(ge)月承(cheng)保(bao)利(li)潤為(wei)-76.08億(yi)(yi)元，較(jiao)2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)期的(de)32.91億(yi)(yi)元，減少108.99億(yi)(yi)元，同(tong)比下(xia)(xia)降331.13%，承(cheng)保(bao)利(li)潤率為(wei)-0.69%。這意味著，產(chan)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)前11個(ge)月的(de)利(li)潤總額(e)(e)主要來(lai)自(zi)險(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)的(de)投資(zi)(zi)收益，承(cheng)保(bao)端(duan)虧損明顯。

　　承保盈利險種只有3個

　　去年(nian)前11個月，產險(xian)公司(si)承保利潤(run)總(zong)和為-76.08億(yi)元(yuan)。在產險(xian)公司(si)11項主要業務(此外(wai)還(huan)有一(yi)些次要業務)中(zhong)，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)盈利的險(xian)種只有3個，合計實(shi)現(xian)(xian)承保利潤(run)127.47億(yi)元(yuan)；虧損險(xian)種共(gong)有8個，合計虧損153.84億(yi)元(yuan)。

　　去年前11個月，在產險(xian)公司主要業務中，取得盈(ying)利(li)的3個險(xian)種分別是特殊(shu)風(feng)險(xian)保險(xian)、家財險(xian)和車險(xian)，承保利(li)潤率分別為10.97%、8.68%和1.62%。

　　車(che)(che)險(xian)方面，去年(nian)(nian)前11個月，實現承(cheng)保利(li)潤117.15億(yi)元，基本與2019年(nian)(nian)同(tong)期持平(ping)，在產險(xian)業務承(cheng)保利(li)潤絕對(dui)額(e)中排名第(di)一(yi)。業內分析人士認(ren)為，由于受新(xin)冠肺炎疫情(qing)影(ying)響，2020年(nian)(nian)一(yi)季度，人們出(chu)行明顯減少，降(jiang)低了(le)車(che)(che)險(xian)出(chu)險(xian)率。此(ci)后(hou)，隨(sui)著生產生活逐步恢(hui)復，車(che)(che)險(xian)出(chu)險(xian)率有所提升，預計年(nian)(nian)度整體經營情(qing)況將(jiang)保持平(ping)穩。

　　不過，隨著2020年9月(yue)19日車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)綜合(he)改革的(de)正式(shi)實施，商車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產品設定附加費(fei)用率上(shang)限由35%下(xia)調為25%，預期賠(pei)付率由65%提高到75%，短期內險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企的(de)車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)面臨(lin)保費(fei)下(xia)降、費(fei)用率下(xia)降、賠(pei)付率上(shang)升(sheng)等多重因素影響。業(ye)界普遍認(ren)為，未來車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)經營壓力加大，預計2021年車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保盈利情況將(jiang)明顯(xian)惡化(hua)，甚至可能出現行業(ye)性承(cheng)保虧損。

　　在2020年前11個月承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)利(li)潤出(chu)現虧損(sun)的8個險(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)中(zhong)，最值得關注的是信(xin)用保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)業(ye)務(wu)和保(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)業(ye)務(wu)，虧損(sun)額分別(bie)達31.77億(yi)元和100.06億(yi)元，承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)利(li)潤率分別(bie)為(wei)-27.25%和-17.17%；船舶保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)業(ye)務(wu)虧損(sun)2.86億(yi)元，承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)利(li)潤率為(wei)-13.03%。此外(wai)，企財險(xian)(xian)(xian)、責任保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、工程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)、貨運險(xian)(xian)(xian)、農業(ye)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)也處(chu)于承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)虧損(sun)狀態。

　　保(bao)證保(bao)險(xian)成為產(chan)險(xian)公(gong)司(si)2020年承(cheng)保(bao)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)“虧(kui)損(sun)王”，前(qian)11個(ge)月虧(kui)損(sun)額超過(guo)100億元；信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用保(bao)險(xian)則在(zai)(zai)承(cheng)保(bao)虧(kui)損(sun)率上拔了頭籌(chou)。事實上，此(ci)前(qian)曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)上吃(chi)過(guo)虧(kui)的(de)(de)險(xian)企早已(yi)大(da)幅(fu)壓縮了信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)，甚至停(ting)止開展此(ci)類業(ye)務(wu)(wu)，但由于(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)用風險(xian)暴露周期(qi)長、風險(xian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)隱蔽(bi)性(xing)(xing)和滯后(hou)性(xing)(xing)，險(xian)企在(zai)(zai)2020年仍在(zai)(zai)為此(ci)付(fu)出(chu)巨大(da)代價。不過(guo)，有業(ye)內人士指(zhi)出(chu)，隨著險(xian)企對相(xiang)關(guan)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)壓縮、結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)調(diao)整以及風控手段的(de)(de)進一步提升，預(yu)計2021年信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)保(bao)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)對承(cheng)保(bao)利潤的(de)(de)拖累將大(da)大(da)減小。

　　新規助責任險規范發展

　　在(zai)產險(xian)的非車險(xian)業務中(zhong)，責任(ren)險(xian)的發(fa)展值(zhi)得一提。2020年前11個月，產險(xian)公司實(shi)現責任(ren)險(xian)保費收入833.39億元，同比增長18.21%，顯著高于(yu)3.9%的產險(xian)保費總收入增長率(lv)，也高于(yu)2.28%的車險(xian)保費總收入增長率(lv)以及(ji)5.53%的企財險(xian)保費收入增長率(lv)。

　　近年(nian)來，產(chan)險(xian)公司大(da)多在研(yan)究如何降(jiang)低對車(che)險(xian)業(ye)務的(de)過度依(yi)賴，大(da)力發展(zhan)非(fei)車(che)險(xian)業(ye)務，以平衡業(ye)務結構(gou)。責任險(xian)目前在產(chan)險(xian)業(ye)務中(zhong)的(de)占比雖然(ran)僅有7.62%，但(dan)其增速較快(kuai)。為了規范(fan)責任險(xian)發展(zhan)，銀保監(jian)會近日(ri)發布(bu)《責任保險(xian)業(ye)務監(jian)管辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》(下稱《監(jian)管辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》)，并(bing)于2021年(nian)1月1日(ri)起施行(xing)。

　　銀保監會相關負責人在(zai)(zai)答記(ji)者(zhe)問時指出，我國責任(ren)保險在(zai)(zai)快速(su)發(fa)展的同時，也存在(zai)(zai)責任(ren)保險邊(bian)界不(bu)斷擴大(da)、社(she)會對責任(ren)保險的理解存在(zai)(zai)偏差、市場行(xing)為不(bu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)、保險服務性(xing)質及(ji)形式有待規(gui)(gui)范(fan)等問題。對此(ci)，《監管辦法》皆(jie)進行(xing)了有針對性(xing)的規(gui)(gui)定。

　　針(zhen)對(dui)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)邊界不(bu)斷擴大的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，《監(jian)(jian)管辦法》一方(fang)面嚴(yan)格責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)范圍，明確(que)(que)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)當(dang)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人給(gei)第(di)三者造(zao)成(cheng)損害依(yi)法應(ying)負的(de)(de)(de)(de)賠償責(ze)任(ren)，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)故意(yi)(yi)行為(wei)、罰金(jin)罰款、履(lv)約信用風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、確(que)(que)定(ding)損失、投(tou)機(ji)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或損失，另一方(fang)面要(yao)求保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)厘清(qing)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與財產損失保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、意(yi)(yi)外傷害保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，合(he)理確(que)(que)定(ding)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種。針(zhen)對(dui)當(dang)前不(bu)規范的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭行為(wei)，《監(jian)(jian)管辦法》明確(que)(que)，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)存在未按規定(ding)使用經(jing)批準或備(bei)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)條款費率、銷(xiao)售誤導、不(bu)正(zheng)當(dang)競(jing)(jing)爭、違(wei)規承(cheng)諾(nuo)等行為(wei)，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)以承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機(ji)構責(ze)任(ren)等形式實質(zhi)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)融資性信用風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)以機(ji)動車(che)(che)輛保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以外的(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或附加險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)承(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)機(ji)動車(che)(che)第(di)三者責(ze)任(ren)。《監(jian)(jian)管辦法》還明確(que)(que)表示，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司(si)提供保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)服(fu)(fu)務，應(ying)當(dang)遵(zun)循合(he)理性、必要(yao)性原則，以降低賠付風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)主要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)得(de)(de)(de)隨意(yi)(yi)擴大服(fu)(fu)務范圍、服(fu)(fu)務內容。此外，《監(jian)(jian)管辦法》還強化了險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內控管理。

　　“《監管辦法》十分強調(diao)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)不得以車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)以外的責任險(xian)(xian)(xian)承保(bao)機動(dong)車(che)第三者責任，不得以承保(bao)擔保(bao)機構責任等形式實質性(xing)承保(bao)融資性(xing)信(xin)用風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，主要是(shi)(shi)為了防范(fan)險(xian)(xian)(xian)企風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，尤其是(shi)(shi)警惕融資性(xing)信(xin)用風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)再次拖(tuo)累險(xian)(xian)(xian)企經營，這將促進保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業穩健發展。”一家(jia)財(cai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)負(fu)責人對記者表(biao)示。